Japanese Circulation Society

IS066 Keynote Lecture: Ischemic Preconditioning and Cardioprotection: Mechanisms by which Early (First Window) and Late (Second Window) Phases of Protection are Induced
James M. Downey, M.D.

Figure 5. The MAP kinases. Note that all are activated by MAP kinase kinases (MKKs). MKKs are dual kinases simultaneously phosphorylating a threonine and a tyrosine two amino acids apart.